Character Education in the Shadow of Global Competition

Authors

  • St. Rahmah Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari, Banjarmasin, Indonesia
  • Taufiqurrahman Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
  • Ahmad Syafie Kolej Universiti Perguruan Ugama Seri Begawan, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
  • Maryam Ilyasovna University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, United States
  • Noorhani Dyani Laksmi Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.65586/jpr.v2i1.62

Keywords:

Character education, Education system, Global competition, Moral identity, Moral values

Abstract

Character education in Indonesia faces an existential paradox, as the moral values that should liberate people are at risk of being reduced to tools of adaptation within a market logic that demands relentless efficiency, productivity and competitiveness. This study aims to develop a conceptual framework to explain the relationship between local character values and global competencies, and to explore how integrating the two can be implemented in educational practice. This study employs a sequential explanatory design, enabling both in-depth exploration and testing of conceptual relationships. The findings confirm that character education in Indonesia faces not merely implementation challenges, but is caught in a deeper epistemological crisis, wherein moral values are produced, negotiated, and even compromised within the framework of a non-neutral global competitive rationality, thus revealing that the education system implicitly has the potential to act as an agent reconstructing morality according to market logic, rather than merely transmitting noble values. The contribution of this study lies in dismantling the assumption that character education is inherently noble, by demonstrating that without structural transformation, it may instead function as symbolic legitimisation for contradictory educational practices, whilst simultaneously offering a new conceptual direction that positions character as a critical arena between resistance and adaptation.

References

Bandiera, A., Larreguy, H., & Mangonnet, J. (2025). Family ties, social control, and authoritarian distribution to elites. American Political Science Review, 120(1), 226–244. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055425000231

Bhattarai, G. (2025). Nepotism in ambassadorial appointments. In Nepal’s power elites: Rajahs, Ranas and Republic (pp. 435–459). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-62458-2_9

Bischoff, C. S. (2023). Between a rock and a hard place: Balancing the duties of political responsiveness and legality in the civil service. Public Administration, 101(4), 1481–1502. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12898

Bote, R., Wang, T., & Genet, C. (2024). You say social agenda, I say my job: Navigating moral ambiguities by frontline workers in a social enterprise. Journal of Business Ethics, 192(2), 225–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-023-05526-6

Butt, S., & Murharjanti, P. (2022). What constitutes compliance? Legislative responses to Constitutional Court decisions in Indonesia. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 20(1), 428–453. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/moac014

Chohan, U. W. (2023). Legislative oversight of bureaucracy. In Global encyclopedia of public administration, public policy, and governance (pp. 7612–7616). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66252-3_698

Damanik, E. L. (2022). Reaching out and institutionalizing multiple kinship relationships in the social environment: Ampangnaopat among Simalungunese, Indonesia. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 32(6), 819–840. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2021.1968558

de Avila Gomide, A. (2022). Democracy and bureaucracy in newly industrialized countries: A systematic comparison between Latin America and East Asia. Governance, 35(1), 83–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12572

Fan, Z., & Ma, L. (2024). E-government, anticorruption, and citizens’ use of personal connections: evidence from Chinese municipalities. Journal of Chinese Governance, 9(3), 372–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/23812346.2024.2352912

Hahn, J. (2022). Law Through the Lens of Sociology. In Foundations of a Sociology of Canon Law (pp. 29–76). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01791-9_2

Hasan, M. F. (2025). Educational authority and regulatory legitimacy: comparing normative systems in pesantren and public schools in Indonesia. Legal Pluralism and Critical Social Analysis, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/27706869.2025.2556586

Hassan, M., Larreguy, H., & Russell, S. (2024). Who gets hired? Political patronage and bureaucratic favoritism. American Political Science Review, 118(4), 1913–1930. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055423001338

Jancsics, D. (2025). Family Corruption: Relatives in Corrupt Transactions. Sociology Compass, 19(11), e70134. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.70134

Johnson, T., & Dandeker, C. (2024). Patronage: relation and system. In Patronage in ancient society (pp. 219–242). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003483533-12

Karimullah, S. S. (2024). Family First or Business First? Balancing Family and Business Interests in an Islamic Economic Perspective. Al-Hijrah: Journal of Islamic Economics And Banking, 2(2), 216–228. https://doi.org/10.55062/al-hijrah.v2i2.669

Keim-Klärner, S., Adebahr, P., Brandt, S., Gamper, M., Klärner, A., Knabe, A., Kupfer, A., Müller, B., Reis, O., & Vonneilich, N. (2023). Social inequality, social networks, and health: a scoping review of research on health inequalities from a social network perspective. International Journal for Equity in Health, 22(1), 74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-023-01876-9

Kolberg‐Shah, D., & Shin, H. (2024). Can corruption connect you to politics? Nepotism, anxiety, and government blame. Political Psychology, 45(5), 871–891. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12980

Lopes, A. V., & Vieira, D. M. (2023). Between politics and bureaucracy: a systematic literature review on the dynamics of public appointments. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 36(2), 152–170. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-09-2022-0200

Menjívar, C. (2023). State categories, bureaucracies of displacement, and possibilities from the margins. American Sociological Review, 88(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224221145727

Nittrouer, C. L., Arena Jr, D., Silver, E. R., Avery, D. R., & Hebl, M. R. (2025). Despite the haters: The immense promise and progress of diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 46(1), 188–201. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2835

Oliveira, E., Abner, G., Lee, S., Suzuki, K., Hur, H., & Perry, J. L. (2024). What does the evidence tell us about merit principles and government performance? Public Administration, 102(2), 668–690. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12945

Olszowski, R. (2024). Opening policymaking. In Collective intelligence in open policymaking (pp. 1–62). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-58191-5_1

Panagopoulou, F., Parpoula, C., & Karpouzis, K. (2025). Legal perspectives on AI and the right to digital literacy in education. Frontiers in Computer Science, 7, 1692268. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1692268

Poocharoen, O., & Brillantes, A. (2013). Meritocracy in Asia Pacific: Status, issues, and challenges. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 33(2), 140–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371x13484829

Rahmat, B., Hartanto, B., & Hilman, A. (2024). Bureaucratic Reform in Indonesia: From “Public Administration" to" Public Management". Journal of Local Government Issues, 7(2), 144–158. https://doi.org/10.22219/logos.v7i2.33848

Rohman, N., Pathurrahman, & Mahpudin. (2025). Recruitment of village officials in decentralized Indonesia: national policy, local accommodation and resistance. South East Asia Research, 33(1), 87–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/0967828X.2025.2483180

Schilpzand, P., Lagios, C., & Restubog, S. L. D. (2025). Family first: An integrative conceptual review of nepotism in organizations. Human Resource Management, 64(1), 157–180. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22253

Sidani, Y. M., & Thornberry, J. (2013). Nepotism in the Arab world: An institutional theory perspective. Business Ethics Quarterly, 23(1), 69–96. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq20132313

Siemoneit, A. (2023). Merit first, need and equality second: hierarchies of justice. International Review of Economics, 70(4), 537–567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12232-023-00430-x

Syah, A. F., & Susilo, S. R. T. (2025). Strengthening the Merit System in Accelerating Bureaucratic Reform in Tangerang Regency. KnE Social Sciences, 10(15), 26–39. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v10i15.19151

Theodorsson, U., Gudlaugsson, T., & Gudmundsdottir, S. (2025). Birds of a feather flock together: organizational nepotism and cronyism in Nordic banks. Journal of East-West Business, 31(1), 86–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/10669868.2024.2415021

Turner, M., Prasojo, E., & Sumarwono, R. (2022). The challenge of reforming big bureaucracy in Indonesia. Policy Studies, 43(2), 333–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2019.1708301

Vikalista, E., Warsono, H., Martini, R., Erowati, D., & Muharam, R. S. (2026). Elite-centered regimes as barriers to meritocracy: the case of Indonesia. Frontiers in Political Science, 7, 1687026. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2025.1687026

Wang, Y., Dong, H., Dai, J., & Li, J. (2025). The third path to bridging the enforcement gap: leveraging social networks as instruments for shaping central-local dynamics. Public Performance & Management Review, 48(5), 1211–1233. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2025.2519606

Weißmüller, K. S., & Zuber, A. (2023). Understanding the micro‐foundations of administrative corruption in the public sector: Findings from a systematic literature review. Public Administration Review, 83(6), 1704–1726. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13699

Wijaya, A. F., Wike, W., & Novita, A. A. (2023). Indonesian public administration: past, present, and future. In Handbook on Asian public administration (pp. 214–223). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839104794.00022

Yulianto, J. E., & Lestari, M. D. (n.d.). Inter-ethnic Relationships and Marriages in Indonesia: Family Dynamics and Well-Being. In The Routledge International Handbook of Interracial and Intercultural Relationships and Mental Health (pp. 233–244). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003385547-22

Downloads

Published

2026-04-03

How to Cite

St. Rahmah, Taufiqurrahman, Ahmad Syafie, Maryam Ilyasovna, & Noorhani Dyani Laksmi. (2026). Character Education in the Shadow of Global Competition. Jurnal Pelita Raya, 2(1), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.65586/jpr.v2i1.62